Pneumococcal disease is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, a bacterium that has more than 100 serotypes. Most serotypes can cause disease, but only a few produce the majority of cases of invasive pneumococcal disease.
The pneumococci bacteria are spread from person to person by droplets in the air. The pneumococci bacteria are common inhabitants of the human respiratory tract. They may be isolated from the nasopharynx of 5%–90% of healthy people.
Pneumococcal disease can be invasive, meaning a normally sterile part of the body is infected, or non-invasive. There are two major clinical syndromes of invasive pneumococcal disease: bacteremia (blood stream infection), and meningitis (infection of the meninges that surround the brain). They are both caused by infection with the same bacteria, but produce different signs and symptoms.
Pneumococcal pneumonia is a common disease caused by pneumococcal infection. Symptoms include abrupt onset of fever, shaking chills or rigors, chest pain, cough, shortness of breath, rapid breathing and heart rate, and weakness. The case-fatality rate is 5%–7% and is higher in adults 65 years and older and people with certain underlying medical conditions.
Pneumococcal pneumonia can occur in combination with bacteremia and/or meningitis (invasive pneumococcal pneumonia), or it can occur alone (non-invasive pneumococcal pneumonia). Before the COVID-19 pandemic, at least 100,000 people were hospitalized each year for pneumococcal pneumonia. At least 30,000 people were hospitalized each year for invasive pneumococcal disease, and about 3,000 people died. Rates of pneumococcal disease declined during the COVID-19 pandemic, but rates have begun to return to pre-pandemic levels.
About 4,000 cases of pneumococcal bacteremia without pneumonia occur each year in the United States. Bacteremia is the most common clinical presentation among children less than two years, accounting for up to 70% of invasive disease in this age group. The overall case-fatality rate of pneumococcal bacteremia is about 20% and may be as high as 60% among older adults.
Pneumococci cause 50% of all cases of bacterial meningitis in the United States. There are an estimated 2,000 cases of pneumococcal meningitis each year. Symptoms and signs may include headache, tiredness, vomiting, irritability, fever, seizures, and coma. The case-fatality rate of pneumococcal meningitis is about 8% among children and 22% among adults. Permanent neurological damage is common among survivors.
Pneumococcal disease is a serious disease that causes much sickness and death. Before the dip in pneumococcal disease observed in the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic (when measures to control COVID-19 reduced the incidence of several infectious diseases), an estimated 30,000 cases and 3,000 deaths from invasive pneumococcal diseases (bacteremia and meningitis) occurred in the United States. Children younger than age two years and adults age 50 years and older have the highest incidence of serious disease. Case-fatality rates are highest for pneumococcal meningitis and bacteremia, and the highest mortality occurs among older adults and patients who have underlying medical conditions.
One pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23, Pneumovax 23, Merck) and two pneumococcal conjugate vaccines [PCV15 (Vaxneuvance, Merck), and PCV20 (Prevnar 20, Pfizer)] are FDA-licensed and recommended by CDC for use in the United States. PCV13 (Prevnar 13, Pfizer) is FDA-licensed and may still be available in some clinics. It is no longer routinely recommended; however, CDC guidance allows for its use as previously recommended in situations where PCV15 or 20 is indicated but unavailable and the alternative is that the patient would not be vaccinated.
PPSV23 is licensed for age 2 years and older. It was first licensed in 1983. It is an option for use in series with PCV15 for children and adults ages 2 through 64 years with specified risk factors for pneumococcal disease depending on their prior pneumococcal vaccination history. A PCV15 + PPSV23 series also is recommended as an option for pneumococcal disease prevention in adults 65 years and older. Following the 2022 changes to the pneumococcal vaccination schedule for adults, PPSV23 is no longer recommended alone, however PPSV23 is recommended for adults following PCV13 or PCV15 vaccination. It is not recommended for people who have previously received a PCV20 vaccination.
PCV15 is licensed for people age 6 weeks and older. CDC recommends the use of PCV15 as an option for the routine vaccination of children younger than age 5 years and certain children 6 through 18 years who have conditions that put them at high risk of invasive pneumococcal disease. CDC recommends PCV15 in series with PPSV23 as an option for pneumococcal disease prevention in adults age 19 through 64 years who are at increased risk for invasive pneumococcal disease due to behavioral or medical risk factors and for adults age 65 or older. When used in adults, it is always recommended to be used as part of a vaccination series with PPSV23 typically given 1 year later (a minimum interval of 8 weeks may be considered for people with immunocompromising medical conditions, cochlear implant or cerebrospinal fluid leak).
PCV20 is licensed for people age 6 weeks and older. CDC recommends the use of PCV20 as an option for the routine vaccination of children younger than 5 years of age and certain children 6 through 18 years who have conditions that put them at high risk of invasive pneumococcal disease. CDC recommends it as an option for pneumococcal disease prevention in adults age 19 through 64 years who are at increased risk for invasive pneumococcal disease due to behavioral or medical risk factors and for adults age 65 or older. If PCV20 is given, no further pneumococcal vaccination is recommended.
For details of recommendations for these vaccines, see Recommendations for Pneumococcal Vaccines Use in Children and Teens, www.immunize.org/wp-content/uploads/catg.d/p2016.pdf, or Standing Orders for Administering Pneumococcal Vaccines (PCV15, PCV20, PPSV23) to Adults: www.immunize.org/wp-content/uploads/catg.d/p3075.pdf.
A polysaccharide vaccine is a type of vaccine that is composed of long chains of sugar molecules, called polysaccharides, that resemble the surface of certain serotypes of pneumococcal bacteria in order to help the immune system mount a response.
A conjugate vaccine is a type of vaccine that joins a protein to an antigen (in the case of pneumococcal vaccines, the protein is connected to unique polysaccharides from the surface of each of the pneumococcal serotypes). The protein helps improve the quality of the immune system response to the vaccine compared to the response to an unconjugated polysaccharide.
The polysaccharide vaccine includes the different polysaccharides (chains of complex sugars) from different serotypes as the antigen. The conjugate vaccines have the polysaccharides for different serotypes attached (or conjugated) to a carrier protein. The immune response to the PPSV23 vaccine is a T-cell independent immune response, while the immune response to PCV vaccination is a T-cell dependent response that produces memory B-cells and reduces carriage of the bacteria in the respiratory track. The PPSV23 does not reduce bacterial carriage.
FDA licensed the first pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against seven serotypes (PCV7, Prevnar7, Pfizer) in 2000. A large clinical trial showed PCV7 reduced invasive disease caused by vaccine serotypes by 97%. Compared to unvaccinated children, children who received PCV7:
FDA licensed PCV13 based on studies comparing the serologic response of children who received PCV13 to those who received PCV7. Substantial evidence demonstrates that routine infant PCV7 and PCV13 vaccination reduces the carriage and transmission of vaccine serotypes.
Researchers conducted a randomized placebo-controlled trial (CAPiTA trial) in the Netherlands among approximately 85,000 adults 65 years or older from 2008 through 2013. This trial evaluated the clinical benefit of PCV13 in the prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia. The results of the CAPiTA trial demonstrated:
FDA licensed PCV15 and PCV20 in 2021 based on studies comparing the serologic response of adults who received either PCV15 or PCV20 to those who received PCV13. These studies showed PCV15 and PCV20 induced antibody levels comparable to those induced by PCV13 and shown to be protective against invasive disease. FDA subsequently expanded the indication for use of PCV15 and PCV20 to include children starting at age 6 weeks in 2022 and 2023, respectively, based on serologic studies.
According to CDC, more than 80% of healthy adults who receive PPSV23 develop antibodies against the serotypes contained in the vaccine that persist for at least 5 years. Older adults and people with some chronic illnesses or immunodeficiency may not respond as well and their antibody levels may decline more quickly.
Overall, the vaccine is 60% to 70% effective in preventing invasive pneumococcal disease caused by serotypes in the vaccine. PPSV23 shows less effectiveness among immunocompromised people; however, because of their increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease, CDC recommends PPSV23 for people in these groups who receive PCV15. There has not been consensus regarding the ability of PPSV23 to prevent non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia; however, recent observational studies reported 21%–46% effectiveness against PPSV23-type pneumococcal pneumonia when PPSV23 was given less than 5 years before illness onset.
Unlike conjugate vaccines, PPSV23 vaccination has not been shown to decrease nasal carriage of pneumococcal bacteria among those vaccinated.
The recommendations for pneumococcal vaccination of children and adults vary depending upon the specific vaccines available, and the recipient’s age, pneumococcal vaccination history, and medical or behavioral risk factors. CDC has summarized all of its recommendations at this site: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/hcp/recommendations.html.
CDC has created an app for pneumococcal vaccine evaluation of individual patients. For more information, or to learn how to download the PneumoRecs VaxAdvisor mobile app, visit www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/hcp/pneumoapp.html.
Recommendations are summarized by Immunize.org in the following resources:
S. pneumoniae bacteria are serotyped based on the polysaccharides in the outer capsule of the bacteria. Serotypes vary in how common they are and in what percentage of pneumococcal disease they cause.
Among the PCV vaccines, PCV13 includes serotypes: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F and 23F. PCV15 includes all PCV13 serotypes plus 22F and 33F. PCV20 includes all PCV15 serotypes plus 8, 10A, 11A, 12F, and 15B. PPSV23 vaccine does not contain serotype 6A or 19A, but contains 19 other serotypes present in PCV20, plus serotypes 2, 9N, 17F, and 20.
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PCV vaccines are recommended to be given first because this sequence provides the best immune response to both PCV and PPSV23 vaccines. An evaluation of immune response after a second pneumococcal vaccination administered 1 year after an initial dose showed that subjects who received PPSV23 as the initial dose had lower antibody responses after subsequent administration of PCV13 than those who had received PCV13 as the initial dose followed by a dose of PPSV23. Lower antibody responses were also seen in people 65 years and older who received PCV20 1 to 5 years after a dose of PPSV23 compared to those who received PCV20 at least 6 months after a dose of PCV13 or those who received PCV13 followed by PPSV23.
In 2000, the first pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was licensed in the U.S. This vaccine contained seven serotypes (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F) of Streptococcus pneumoniae and became known as PCV7 (Prevnar by Wyeth, now Pfizer). Ten years later in February 2010, a new 13-valent product was licensed — PCV13 (Prevnar 13, Pfizer) — which added 6 new serotypes (1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F, and 19A). Together, these 13 serotypes accounted for the majority of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the U.S. at the time, including serotype 19A, which is the most common IPD-causing serotype in young children. In February 2010 ACIP recommended that healthcare providers transition from use of PCV7 to use of PCV13 for routine vaccination of children.
PCV7 was initially recommended for routine use in infants and children ages 2 through 59 months. The recommendations were expanded with the licensure of PCV13 to include vaccination of children age 60 through 71 months with underlying medical conditions, and also vaccination of older children, ages 6 through 18 years, with medical conditions placing them at increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease.
PCVs were further updated with licensure for use in children of PCV15 in 2022 and PCV20 in 2023.
All infants should be given a primary series of either PCV15 or PCV20, at ages 2, 4, and 6 months with a booster at age 12 to 15 months. Otherwise healthy children who fall behind should be given catch-up vaccination through age 59 months; if they have certain underlying medical conditions they should be given catch-up vaccination through age 71 months.
For pneumococcal vaccination of children ages 2 through 5 years, see the CDC summary here: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/hcp/who-when-to-vaccinate.html#children-2-5.
Immunize.org offers a print-ready clinical resource that addresses pneumococcal vaccination recommendations for all children, including those with any relevant health condition or incomplete vaccination history, entitled Recommendations for Pneumococcal Vaccines Use in Children and Teens: www.immunize.org/wp-content/uploads/catg.d/p2016.pdf.
The conditions that increase the risk of pneumococcal disease and are indications for additional pneumococcal vaccine doses beyond the routine schedule are broken down into two categories: non-immunocompromising (non-IC) and immunocompromising (IC). Recommendations differ slightly under certain circumstances by IC or non-IC category.
Non-IC conditions include:
Immunocompromising (IC) conditions include:
An older child through age 18 years with any high-risk condition who completed a pneumococcal conjugate series before age 6 years that included any dose of PCV20, is not recommended to receive any additional PCV doses.
Children with IC or non-IC conditions who completed a PCV series before age 6 years with PCV13 or PCV15 (but who have not received PCV20 or pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine [PPSV23]) should receive additional pneumococcal vaccination with a single dose of PCV20 at least 8 weeks after the most recent PCV dose. If PCV20 is not available, a non-IC or IC child in this circumstance may, alternatively, receive a single dose of PPSV23 at least 8 weeks after the most recent PCV dose. An IC child given PPSV23 in this circumstance would also be due for a dose of either PCV20 or a second dose of PPSV23 at least 5 years after the first PPSV23.
Doses of the 7-valent PCV (the original Prevnar, PCV7) do not count toward PCV vaccination when determining the current pneumococcal vaccination needs of a child or teen with a qualifying non-IC or IC condition.
When feasible, administer any needed pneumococcal vaccination at least two weeks before initiating planned interventions that place a child at high risk (such as a cochlear implant or spleen removal).
Immunize.org details all recommendations and options for children with high-risk conditions in its standing order template for pneumococcal vaccination of children and teens (www.immunize.org/wp-content/uploads/catg.d/p3086.pdf) and its shorter resource, Recommendations for Pneumococcal Vaccines use in Children and Teens (www.immunize.org/wp-content/uploads/catg.d/p2016.pdf).
For a complete explanation of pneumococcal vaccination recommendations for ages 6 through 18 years, CDC has summarized the recommendations here: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/hcp/who-when-to-vaccinate.html#children-6-18.
Regardless of risk, all children should receive routine vaccination with either PCV15 or PCV20 as age-appropriate. A child age 2 through 18 years with any of the conditions listed below may require additional pneumococcal vaccination depending on their age and prior vaccination status.
The conditions that increase the risk of pneumococcal disease and are indications for additional pneumococcal vaccine doses beyond the routine schedule are broken down into two categories: non-immunocompromising (non-IC) and immunocompromising (IC). Recommendations differ slightly under certain circumstances by IC or non-IC category.
Non-IC conditions include:
Immunocompromising (IC) conditions include:
For timing of vaccination following hematopoietic stem cell transplant, see see www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/immunocompetence.html
CDC guidance is available at www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/hcp/who-when-to-vaccinate.html.
Immunize.org details all recommendations and options for children with high-risk conditions in its standing order template for pneumococcal vaccination of children and teens (www.immunize.org/wp-content/uploads/catg.d/p3086.pdf) and its shorter resource, Recommendations for Pneumococcal Vaccines use in Children and Teens (www.immunize.org/wp-content/uploads/catg.d/p2016.pdf).
Because of the limited number of serogroups covered by PCV7 (which was used in the United States between 2000 and 2010), CDC recommends that doses of PCV7 should be ignored for the purposes of calculating the current pneumococcal vaccination needs of an older teen or adult patient at increased risk for pneumococcal disease. For example, a person at high risk of pneumococcal disease who received a complete series of PCV7 vaccination in early childhood should follow the vaccination recommendations for someone with their condition who has not received any doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
Both PCV15 and PCV20 are now recommended as pneumococcal vaccination options for children age 6 weeks and older as well as for children age 6 through 18 with certain medical conditions or other risk factors for pneumococcal disease. ACIP no longer recommends PCV13 for children or adults, however, PCV13 may be given as previously recommended if it is the only PCV available and the recipient would otherwise go without vaccination. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) is recommended as an option for some children age 2 years and older who have certain underlying medical conditions and who have not had (or do not have the option of receiving) PCV20.
Details of the recommendations can be found in the ACIP recommendations at www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/pdfs/mm7239a5-H.pdf (for PCV20) and www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/pdfs/mm7137a3-H.pdf (for PCV15). These recommendations are to be used in conjunction with CDC clinical considerations for the use of pneumococcal vaccines at: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/hcp/recommendations.html.
A summary of these recommendations can also be found at www.immunize.org/wp-content/uploads/catg.d/p2016.pdf. Immunize.org has developed standing orders for pneumococcal vaccination of children and teens at www.immunize.org/wp-content/uploads/catg.d/p3086.pdf.
PPSV23 has only limited indications in children age 2 through 18 years who have not had PCV20 and are at high risk for serious pneumococcal infection due to the presence of a specific non-immunocompromising (non-IC) or immunocompromising (IC) medical condition.
If PCV20 is not offered, PPSV23 is recommended as an option to be administered to a child age 2 years or older at least 8 weeks following completion of PCV vaccination with PCV13 or PCV15. If a child has an immunocompromising condition and PPSV23 is used, a dose of PCV20, or a second dose of PPSV23, should be given 5 years later.
Immunize.org details all recommendations and pneumococcal vaccine options for children with high-risk conditions in its standing order template for pneumococcal vaccination of children and teens (www.immunize.org/wp-content/uploads/catg.d/p3086.pdf) and its shorter resource, Recommendations for Pneumococcal Vaccines use in Children and Teens (www.immunize.org/wp-content/uploads/catg.d/p2016.pdf).
ACIP does not recommend routine PCV vaccination of healthy children 60 months of age or older. If there is a school requirement, the simplest solution is to give the child one dose of either PCV15 or PCV20 now. However, health insurance may not pay for this dose. For more information on the ACIP recommendations for pneumococcal vaccination of children, go to CDC’s summary of pneumococcal vaccine recommendations: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/hcp/who-when-to-vaccinate.html.
No. Currently no data exist to indicate that people younger than 19 who smoke are at increased risk of pneumococcal disease.
PPSV23 is not effective in children less than 24 months of age. PPSV23 given to children younger than 2 years old should not be considered part of the pneumococcal vaccination series. PCV15 or PCV20 should be administered as soon as the error is discovered. Any time the wrong vaccine is given, the parent/patient should be notified. The facility staff should review their vaccination training and clinical procedures to prevent future vaccine administration errors.
Selective IgA deficiency is a B-cell immunodeficiency, so additional pneumococcal vaccination beyond the routine age-based schedule is indicated for this 3-year-old with an immunocompromising condition. Because the child received a complete PCV13 series, the current recommendation is to administer a single dose of PCV20 or PPSV23 at least 8 weeks following the most recent PCV dose. If PCV20 is given, no further doses of pneumococcal vaccine are recommended. If PPSV23 is given now, then at least 5 years later give a dose of PCV20 or a second dose of PPSV23.
No. No additional doses of pneumococcal vaccine are recommended.
Do not restart the series or give additional doses. The previously administered doses of PCV13 are valid. Complete the pneumococcal conjugate vaccination series with either PCV15 or PCV20 in accordance with the routine schedule.
Two pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV15 and PCV20) are recommended as pneumococcal vaccination options for all adults age 65 and older and for adults age 19 through 64 with certain medical conditions or other risk factors for pneumococcal disease; ACIP no longer recommends PCV13 for adults; however, in rare circumstances when only PCV13 is accessible and the patient would otherwise be unvaccinated, CDC states that PCV13 may be used. When PCV15 is used routinely, it should be used in series with PPSV23 given one year later.
For adults eligible for pneumococcal vaccine as a result of age or a high-risk condition who have no or unknown history of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination, the same vaccination schedule options apply to all of them: either give one dose of PCV20 alone, or give a dose of PCV15 followed by a dose of PPSV23 one year later (with a minimum interval option of 8 weeks for people with an immunocompromising condition, cochlear implant, or cerebrospinal fluid leak). People age 19 through 64 with immunocompromising and non-immunocompromising underlying medical conditions and other risk factors for pneumococcal disease no longer have different recommendations.
Details of the recommendations can be found in the ACIP recommendations at www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/pdfs/mm7104a1-H.pdf. These recommendations are to be used in conjunction with CDC clinical considerations for the use of pneumococcal vaccines at: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/hcp/recommendations.html.
Immunize.org has developed standing orders for pneumococcal vaccination of adults at www.immunize.org/catg.d/p3075.pdf.
All people age 19 through 64 with the following medical conditions who have no history of pneumococcal vaccination or an unknown pneumococcal vaccination history should receive either a single dose of PCV20 alone or a dose of PCV15 followed by a dose of PPSV23 at least 1 year later. If using the PCV15 + PPSV23 series, clinicians can consider giving the dose of PPSV23 a minimum of 8 weeks later for more rapid protection against the serotypes unique to PPSV23 to people with immunocompromising condition, cochlear implant, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. The conditions are:
For details of vaccination following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, see www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/immunocompetence.html
Public health authorities working with Alaska Natives and American Indians may provide additional guidance for individuals in those communities where the overall risk of invasive pneumococcal disease is increased.
For adults 65 years and older with no prior pneumococcal vaccination or whose previous vaccination history is unknown, you have two options:
Under the new recommendations, adults who have ever had at least one dose of PPSV23 do not need another dose of PPSV23 after turning 65. They have two options:
The patient should be vaccinated at least 2 weeks before the splenectomy, if feasible. If not, vaccinate as soon as possible. Depending upon products available, he has two options:
CDC recommends that if using the PCV15 and PPSV23 series, a minimum interval of 8 weeks can be considered for adults with an immunocompromising condition (including splenectomy), cochlear implant, or cerebrospinal fluid leak.
People with anatomic asplenia should follow the same recommendations as described for people with immunocompromising conditions. CDC currently recommends that people with immunocompromising conditions who have already received PCV13 and 1 dose of PPSV23 receive another pneumococcal vaccination at least 5 years after the last vaccine. They may receive either PCV20 or PPSV23. If they receive PCV20, no additional pneumococcal vaccines are needed. If they receive PPSV23, check to see what is recommended at the time the patient turns 65.
Administer the PCV20. CDC recommendations are to provide a dose of PCV20 or PPSV23 in this situation.
No future doses of any pneumococcal vaccine are currently recommended following a dose of PCV20, even if the patient is younger than age 65.
People who have had PCV13 and PPSV23 after the 65th birthday are not routinely recommended to receive additional doses of pneumococcal vaccine; however, they may receive a dose of PCV20 at least 5 years after their most recent pneumococcal vaccination based on shared clinical decision-making. The benefit of PPSV23 wanes after about 5 or more years. Considerations for PCV20 in this situation include the patient’s overall health and risk of pneumococcal disease, their desire to be protected, and time since last pneumococcal vaccination.
The patient may be given one dose of PCV20 or one dose of PCV15. CDC does not recommend additional doses of PPSV23 for a person who received a dose of PPSV23 on or after age 65 years, regardless of the interval since vaccination.
No. All adults age 65 years and older without a prior PCV vaccination are now routinely recommended to receive either PCV20 alone or a 2-dose series of PCV15 followed by PPSV23 one year later. People in this age group with an immunocompromising condition, cochlear implant, or cerebrospinal fluid leak who are given PCV15 may receive PPSV23 as little as 8 weeks later. PCV13 is no longer recommended for adults; however, CDC states that in rare situations where no PCV15 or PCV20 is available and a patient is otherwise unlikely to be vaccinated, an available dose of PCV13 may be used.
No. All adults for whom pneumococcal vaccination is recommended due to age (65 or older) or an underlying condition (age 19 through 64) are now recommended to receive a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Prior recipients of PPSV23 alone may now receive either PCV20 or PCV15 at least 1 year after the dose of PPSV23.
Yes. Adalimumab is a potent anti-inflammatory drug that blocks the activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Adalimumab is considered immunosuppressive because serious infections have been reported in people taking the drug, including tuberculosis and infections caused by viruses, fungi, or bacteria. A person taking adalimumab or other drugs that affect TNF activity (such as infliximab [Remicade], certolizumab pegol [Cimzia], golimumab [Simponi], or etanercept [Enbrel]) should be considered to have immunosuppression and receive either PCV20 alone or PCV15 followed by PPSV23. Clinicians can consider giving PPSV23 as soon as 8 weeks after PCV15 in this case, in order to accelerate protection against strains of pneumococcus unique to PPSV23.
No. If there is no longer a CSF leak, neither vaccine is recommended, unless there is another risk factor for invasive pneumococcal disease or an age-based indication.
No. Beta thalassemia minor is a hemoglobinopathy, but compared to sickle cell disease, these patients have less risk for functional asplenia, and therefore do not have a significantly increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease.
Adults 65 years and older that received PCV13 should complete the pneumococcal series with either PCV20 or PPSV23 vaccination at least 1 year after PCV13. PCV15 is not recommended in this situation.
What you describe is an excellent strategy for administration of pneumococcal vaccines to people age 65 years and older. ACIP does not define “one year” but this is assumed to be one calendar year. Receiving PPSV23 a few days or weeks earlier than one calendar year after PCV13 or PCV15 is not a medical problem. However, it could be a problem for reimbursement since Medicare will only pay for both a PCV vaccine and a PPSV23 vaccine if they are given at least 11 months apart. Private insurance may have similar rules. Here is the wording from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS): “An initial pneumococcal vaccine may be administered to all Medicare beneficiaries who have never received a pneumococcal vaccine under Medicare Part B. A different, second pneumococcal vaccine may be administered 1 year after the first vaccine was administered (i.e., 11 full months have passed following the month in which the last pneumococcal vaccine was administered).”
Studies have shown that administering a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine first leads to a better immune response to serotypes common to both vaccines when the polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) is given at a later date. For this reason, CDC recommends that pneumococcal vaccine-naive adults receive pneumococcal conjugate vaccines either alone (PCV20) or first in a sequence (PCV15 first, followed by PPSV23). A provider who stocks only PPSV23 should consider purchasing a recommended pneumococcal conjugate vaccine or referring such patients elsewhere to receive a conjugate vaccine, if feasible. A patient due for a conjugate vaccine who receives PPSV23 first may receive either the PCV15 or PCV20 vaccine at least one year later.
For people with immunosuppression, ACIP recommends 1 dose of PCV20 alone or one dose of PCV15 followed by a dose of PPSV23 one year later (can consider a minimum 8-week interval between PCV15 and PPSV23 for immunocompromised adults like this woman). Meningococcal serogroup B vaccine (MenB) is not specifically recommended for immunosuppressed people. However, a patient who is age 16 through 23 years and immunosuppressed may receive routine MenB vaccination of either a 2-dose series of Bexsero (GSK) 4 weeks apart, or a 3-dose series of Trumenba (Pfizer) at 0, 1 month, and 6 months apart.
A CDC study showed a small increased risk for febrile seizures during the 24 hours after a child receives the inactivated influenza vaccine at the same time as the PCV13 vaccine or DTaP vaccine. However, the risk of febrile seizure with any combination of these vaccines is small and ACIP recommends giving these vaccines at the same visit if indicated. The risk for febrile seizures in children who received PCV15 or PCV20 concurrently with an influenza vaccine has not been studied.
See www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/febrile-seizures.html for more information about febrile seizures after vaccination.
Mesalamine (mesalazine) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It is not immunosuppressive, so its use would not place a person at increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease.
Multiple sclerosis is not a contraindication to any vaccine, including pneumococcal vaccines.
People with multiple sclerosis may be on immunosuppressive medication and immunosuppressed people should receive either PCV20 alone or PCV15 followed by PPSV23 a minimum of 8 weeks later.
For additional details, see www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/hcp/who-when-to-vaccinate.html#adults-19-64.
Studies done in children showed possible interference with the response to PCV7 when PCV7 and the Menactra brand of MenACWY-D (by Sanofi) were given simultaneously. For this reason, Menactra was recommended not to be given at the same time as PCV. However, Menactra is no longer available, so this is no longer a consideration.
Available brands of MenACWY, including MenACWY-CRM (Menveo, GSK), MenACWY-TT (MenQuadfi, Sanofi), as well as the pentavalent MenABCWY (Penbraya, Pfizer), may be administered at the same time or any time before or after any pneumococcal vaccine.
In the absence of immunosuppressive treatment, a recent history of prostate cancer surgery alone is not an indication for pneumococcal vaccination among people younger than 65 years.
Because pneumococcal recommendations have changed over the years, providers should not assume which pneumococcal vaccines a patient has received. Ideally, providers and patients should try to verify which vaccines were received, including by checking medical records and the jurisdiction’s immunization information system (immunization registry) where the patient was likely vaccinated.
Per the CDC “General Best Practices Guidelines for Immunization”, self-reported doses of influenza and PPSV23 are acceptable. All other vaccines must be documented with a written, dated record. This means that if a patient reasonably recalls receiving a PPSV23 after turning 65, you may accept that as a history of PPSV23 and administer either PCV15 or PCV20.
Alternatively, if vaccination records cannot be obtained, and the patient is uncertain whether they received PCV13 or PPSV23, you may choose to classify the patient as having an unknown vaccination history and administer either PCV20 alone or PCV15 followed by PPSV23 one year later. When giving the PCV15 and PPSV23 series to a patient with an immunocompromising condition, cochlear implant, or cerebrospinal fluid leak, an 8-week minimum interval between PCV15 and PPSV23 may be considered.
In 2008, ACIP reviewed evidence indicating that asthma is an independent risk factor for pneumococcal disease among adults. ACIP also reviewed evidence demonstrating an increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease among smokers. Consequently, ACIP includes both asthma and cigarette smoking as indications for pneumococcal vaccination among adults age 19 through 64 years. People with these conditions should receive either a single dose of PCV20 alone, or a dose of PCV15 followed one year later by PPSV23. If they have already received PPSV23, but have not had a conjugate vaccine, they should receive either a single dose of PCV20 or a single dose of PCV15 at least one year following their dose of PPSV23.
No. ACIP does not identify people who use smokeless tobacco products or vaping as being at increased risk for invasive pneumococcal disease or as being in a risk group recommended for vaccination.
No, unless chronic lung disease is present, which puts them at increased risk of pneumococcal disease. PCV20 alone or PCV15 followed one year later by PPSV23 is recommended for current smokers of cigarettes age 19 through 64 years (see www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/pdfs/mm7104a1-H.pdf).
No. ACIP does not designate people who smoke marijuana, but not cigarettes, as being in a risk group for vaccination. ACIP has not been presented evidence of an increased risk of pneumococcal disease among regular marijuana smokers.
In the pneumococcal vaccine recommendations for adults that were updated January 28, 2022, the many risk groups for pneumococcal disease were combined into one group with regard to vaccine recommendations. All are recommended to receive either PCV20 alone or PCV15 followed by PPSV23 one year later. ACIP no longer recommends the use of PPSV23 alone for any adult. Cigarette smokers age 19 through 64 who received PPSV23 in the past may now receive a dose of either PCV20 or PCV15 at least one year after their dose of PPSV23.
Yes. Pneumococcal vaccination is recommended for adults age 19 through 64 years with all types of asthma.
Among children age 2 through 18 years, only those with moderate persistent or severe persistent asthma (regardless of high-dose oral corticosteroids use) should be evaluated for additional pneumococcal vaccine doses beyond the routine age-based schedule. Specific recommendations depend on age and the recipient’s specific pneumococcal vaccination history, including prior doses of PCV13, PCV15, PCV20 and PPSV23. Prior doses of PCV7 may be ignored for the purposes of determining doses due now.
No. Obstructive sleep apnea alone is not an indication for pneumococcal vaccination. However, people with obstructive sleep apnea often have other pulmonary conditions (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) that would put them at increased risk for invasive pneumococcal disease, for which they should be vaccinated.
Yes. People with HIV infection are at high risk of pneumococcal disease. The pneumococcal vaccination recommended depends on the patient’s age and prior pneumococcal vaccines received. The CDC PneumoRecs VaxAdvisor mobile app can be helpful for evaluating the needs of a specific patient. You can learn more and access the app www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/hcp/who-when-to-vaccinate.html.
Lupus alone is not an indication for pneumococcal vaccination. However, immunosuppressive medication that may be used to treat lupus could create an indication for administering pneumococcal vaccines. Also, certain complications of lupus (such as nephrotic syndrome) make a person a candidate for pneumococcal vaccination. If pneumococcal vaccination is indicated, administer either PCV20 alone or PCV15 followed by PPSV23 one year later. If the patient is immunosuppressed and is receiving a combination of PCV15 followed by PPSV23, consider using a minimum interval of at least 8 weeks between doses if more rapid protection from serotypes unique to PPSV23 is desired.
Recommendations vary among adults depending upon age, pneumococcal vaccination history (including PCV13, PCV15, PCV20, and PPSV23), and pneumococcal vaccine products available:
No.
Recommendations for adult dialysis patients vary by age and pneumococcal vaccination history:
CDC’s guidance is to ignore the remote history of PCV7 and evaluate the patient as if he has never had pneumococcal vaccination. The patient should receive either PCV20 alone or PCV15 in series with PPSV23 given at least one year later. If using PCV15, and if the high risk condition is immunocompromising or if the patient has a cochlear implant or cerebrospinal fluid leak, you may consider administering the PPSV23 as soon as 8 weeks after PCV15.
In certain limited circumstances, adults with immunocompromising conditions have an option for vaccination that includes multiple doses of PPSV23. Under the ACIP recommendations published in January 2022, adults age 19 through 64 who have already received a dose of PCV13 (as previously recommended for those with immunocompromising conditions) may complete the immunization schedule with either PCV20 or PPSV23:
That is not necessary. CDC has stated that either PCV20 or PPSV23 may be used in this circumstance. If PCV20 is used, no further pneumococcal vaccine doses are indicated.
At this time, ACIP does not recommend revaccination with a second dose of PPSV23 for adults younger than 65 with asplenia who receive PCV15 (Vaxneuvance, Merck) followed by PPSV23.
If the adult patient with asplenia had received PCV13 (Prevnar 13, Pfizer) followed by PPSV23 (instead of Vaxneuvance), then CDC recommends one of two vaccine schedules: