Issue Number 438            January 22, 2004

UNPROTECTED PEOPLE: Reports of people who have suffered or died
from vaccine-preventable diseases

Report #64:
2002 ALABAMA MEASLES OUTBREAK IS TRACED TO AN IMPORTED CASE

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January 22, 2004
UNPROTECTED PEOPLE #64: 2002 ALABAMA MEASLES OUTBREAK IS TRACED TO AN IMPORTED CASE

IAC publishes articles about people who have suffered or died from vaccine-preventable diseases and periodically devotes an "IAC EXPRESS" issue to such an article. This is the 64th in our series.

On January 23, 2004, MMWR published "Measles Outbreak Associated with an Imported Case in an Infant--Alabama, 2002." The article describes an outbreak in fall 2002, when ten infants and two adults in Alabama contracted measles from a 9-month-old infant who had returned from the Philippines with the disease. This was the largest measles outbreak in the United States since 1999.

The infants had a median age of 11 months when they were infected, making most of them too young to have received the first dose of MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine in the United States. To protect infants from contracting measles when traveling and from spreading it after returning to the United States, MMWR suggests in an editorial note that physicians consider administering MMR vaccine to children >6 months of age who will be traveling outside the United States and administer it >=14 days before administering immunoglobulin.

One of the adults who contracted measles was a hospital health care worker who had not been vaccinated against measles and who had a known negative measles titer. The editors of MMWR stress that to keep from developing measles and from infecting others, it is important that health care workers follow ACIP guidelines and receive two doses of measles-containing vaccine or have proof of a positive measles titer.

The MMWR article is based on information from the Alabama Department of Public Health and CDC. It is reprinted below in its entirety, excluding references and a figure.

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Local transmission of measles is rare in the United States. Since 1997, the majority of measles outbreaks have been caused by imported cases. During October 19-November 15, 2002, an outbreak of 13 confirmed cases of measles occurred, with exposure in Alabama; 11 cases were among day care attendees who had not yet been vaccinated for measles. This was the largest outbreak of measles in the United States since 1999. In response to this outbreak, the Alabama Department of Public Health (ADPH) and CDC conducted an epidemiologic investigation that determined the outbreak was initiated by an imported case in an infant aged 9 months who had returned recently from the Philippines. Health-care providers should continue to include measles in differential diagnoses for febrile rash illnesses in infants, particularly those with recent travel to areas where measles is endemic.

On November 3, 2002, a consulting physician suspected measles in three infants aged 10 months who had been hospitalized with rash onsets during October 28-31; all three infants had attended the same day care center and shared the same room. ADPH confirmed measles in these infants and identified two additional cases in the infant aged 9 months and in another infant aged 10 months, both of whom also shared the same day care center room. The infant aged 9 months was hospitalized during October 19-23 and had an initial diagnosis of dengue fever, later reclassified as a fever of unknown origin. The infant had been administered immunoglobulin before departure from the United States to the Philippines. Measles eventually was confirmed in all five infants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing.

Outbreak investigators identified and interviewed persons who had been in contact with infants confirmed with measles during the 4 days before and after rash onset. An additional eight cases were identified among six infants and two adults. All 11 infants attended the same day care center and shared the same room (attack rate: 100%). Among the 11 infants, the median age was 11 months (range: 10-13 months); seven (64%) were female. The two adults, a man aged 31 years and a woman aged 50 years, were exposed to the same infant. The man had visited the infant's home before hospitalization, and the woman provided nursing care to the infant during hospitalization.

All 13 patients had rash, fever, coryza, and cough; 12 (92%) had conjunctivitis, and four (31%) were hospitalized. Nasopharyngeal and/or urine samples were collected from 10 patients (both adults and eight infants); all were positive for measles by viral culture or by polymerase chain reaction. Viral isolates were identified as the D3 measles genotype, known to be circulating in the Philippines.

Among the 11 infants, none had been vaccinated with a measles-containing vaccine (MCV). None of the infants' mothers reported ever having measles; however, all mothers had been vaccinated with >=1 dose of MCV. Among the adults, the man had been vaccinated with 2 doses of MCV before his exposure; the woman had never been vaccinated for measles, although she knew she had a negative titer.

ADPH conducted contact tracing and identified 679 persons with known contact with the patients; 616 (91%) were exposed before ADPH was notified. ADPH determined whether exposed persons were ill, assessed vaccination status and recommended measles vaccine, and instructed contacts to monitor for fever during the 18 days after exposure to a patient. If fever occurred during this period, ADPH instructed contacts to isolate themselves and notify their doctors and local health departments. All contacts were considered susceptible unless they had documentation of adequate vaccination, physician-diagnosed measles, laboratory evidence of immunity to measles, or were born before 1957. Households were called every other day to ask about fever status.

ADPH alerted all physicians in the affected county and provided free measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine to attendees of the affected day care center and to the public. ADPH recommended that the day care center exclude infants with febrile rash illness until measles was ruled out in a suspected infant. ADPH also recommended a first dose of MMR for day care attendees aged 6-11 months, followed by the regular MMR 2-dose series starting at age 12-15 months. In addition, ADPH recommended a first dose of MMR for nonvaccinated infants aged 12-15 months and a second dose of MMR for infants aged >12 months who had a first dose at least 4 weeks previously.

Editorial Note:
The findings in this report illustrate the high transmissibility of measles when the virus is introduced into susceptible populations. The infant with imported measles and nine infant contacts who had measles were not in an age group recommended to receive an MCV. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that children receive their first MMR dose at age 12-15 months. The findings also highlight the need for health-care workers to follow ACIP guidelines to receive 2 doses of MCV or have proof of positive measles titer.

High immunity levels and effective control measures helped limit the spread of measles in this outbreak. Among Alabama children born during February 1998-May 2000, approximately 94% had >=1 dose of MCV. ADPH efforts to limit exposure (<10% of contacts occurred after instituting control measures), to educate clinicians and the public about this outbreak, and to increase vaccination services in the affected county also might have helped limit measles transmission. To ensure prompt measles diagnoses, physicians who care for children need to be familiar with the clinical signs of measles.

To protect infants against measles, physicians should consider administering MMR vaccine to children aged >6 months who will be traveling outside of the United States and administer it >=14 days before administering immunoglobulin. Measles should be included in differential diagnoses for febrile rash illnesses in infants, particularly among those with recent travel to endemic areas. Physicians should report measles cases promptly to their state or local health departments.

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To obtain a web-text (HTML) version of the MMWR article, go to:
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5302a3.htm

To read more IAC Unprotected People Reports, go to:
http://www.immunize.org/stories

Unprotected People editorial note: For additional information on measles--including journal articles, recommendations, state vaccination mandates, case histories, disease photos, and other resources--please visit IAC's measles web page at http://www.immunize.org/measles

DISCLAIMER: The Immunization Action Coalition (IAC) publishes Unprotected People Reports for the purpose of making them available for our readers' review. We have not verified this report's content, for which the author(s) are solely responsible.

DO YOU KNOW OF PUBLISHED ARTICLES ABOUT UNPROTECTED PEOPLE? Please let us know if you find articles or case reports about people who have suffered or died from vaccine-preventable diseases that have appeared in the general or scientific media. Send information about articles or case reports to "IAC EXPRESS" by email to admin@immunize.org or by fax to (651) 647-9131.