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Unprotected People Reports: Hepatitis B |
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Unprotected Babies: Hepatitis B Vaccine at Birth Saves Lives! |
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| Click here for a fully-formatted PDF version
of this report |
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| On October 17, 2001, the Advisory
Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) voted to recommend a birth dose of
hepatitis B vaccine for all U. S. infants. (Only for infants of mothers whose
HBsAg test is assured to be negative does ACIP now approve giving the first dose
as late as two months of age.) |
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| The following article is adapted from an open letter by Deborah L. Wexler, M.D., to ACIP, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Family Physicians,
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, National Medical
Association, and other medical professional organizations. |
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The Immunization Action Coalition (IAC) urges all
health professionals and hospitals to protect all infants from hepatitis B virus
(HBV) infection by administering the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine to every
infant at birth and no later than hospital discharge.
Approximately 19,000 women with chronic hepatitis B infection give birth in the
United States each year. Ninety percent of perinatal infections can be prevented
by postexposure prophylaxis given within 12 hours of birth. Tragically, many
babies are exposed to HBV at birth but do not receive appropriate postexposure
prophylaxis.
Because thimerosal has been removed from all pediatric hepatitis B vaccines in
the United States, concerns about thimerosal should no longer be an obstacle for
practitioners in enacting a universal birth dose policy.
Why is such a policy necessary? Following are some of the ways infants who are
not vaccinated at birth become infected:
- The pregnant woman is tested and found to be hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
positive, but her status is not communicated to the newborn nursery. The infant
receives neither hepatitis B vaccine nor HBIG protection at birth.
- A chronically infected pregnant woman is tested but with the wrong test, HBsAb
(antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen), instead of HBsAg. This is a common
mistake since these two test abbreviations differ by only one letter. Her
incorrectly ordered test result is "negative," so her doctor believes her infant
does not need postexposure prophylaxis.
- The pregnant woman is HBsAg positive, but her test results are misinterpreted
or mistranscribed into her prenatal record or her infant's chart. Her infant
does not receive HBIG or hepatitis B vaccine.
- The pregnant woman is not tested for
HBsAg either prenatally or in the hospital at the time of delivery.
Her infant does not receive hepatitis B vaccine in the hospital, even
though it is recommended within 12 hours of birth for infants whose
mothers' test results are unknown.
- The woman is tested in early
pregnancy for HBsAg and is found to be negative. She develops HBV
infection later in pregnancy, but it is not detected, even though it
is recommended by CDC that high-risk women be retested later in
pregnancy. Because the infection is not clinically detected by her
health care provider, her infant does not receive hepatitis B vaccine
or HBIG at birth.
- The mother is HBsAg negative, but the infant is exposed to HBV postnatally from
another family member or caregiver. This occurs in two-thirds of the cases of
childhood transmission.
While there are advantages to giving the first dose at a later well-baby visit,
these are advantages of administrative convenience. The primary advantage of
giving the first dose at birth is that it saves lives.
IAC recently asked hepatitis coordinators at every state health department as
well as at city and county CDC projects to express their views about providing
hepatitis B vaccine in the hospital. Their responses contained many examples of
children who were unprotected or inadequately protected due to health
professionals not ordering, misordering, misinterpreting, mistranscribing, and
miscommunicating the hepatitis B test results of the children's mothers.
These state coordinators' reports tell us that no matter how well health care
providers think they are doing with HBsAg screening of all pregnant women,
serious mistakes continue to occur; children are unnecessarily being exposed
without the benefit of postexposure prophylaxis, and at least one baby has died.
In order to overcome these failures, all 50 states overwhelmingly endorse
providing a birth dose.
We must vaccinate every baby in the hospital prior to discharge regardless of
the HBsAg status of the mother. For those providers who choose to use hepatitis
B-containing combination vaccine, i.e., Comvax, they may do so. However, since
this vaccine cannot be given at birth, monovalent hepatitis B vaccine must be
given at birth and then the hepatitis B vaccine series can be completed with
three doses of the combination vaccine. (Giving four doses of hepatitis B
vaccine has been shown to be safe in several clinical studies.)
Hepatitis B vaccine is one of the most effective vaccines available. Studies
have shown that infants of the most highly infectious mothers (women who are
both HBsAg and HBeAg positive) who receive postexposure prophylaxis with
hepatitis B vaccine alone (without HBIG) at birth are protected in 90–95% of
cases, essentially the same level of protection afforded by administering
hepatitis B vaccine in addition to HBIG. Even higher rates of protection with
postexposure prophylaxis have been demonstrated in infants born to less
infectious mothers (those who are HBsAg positive and HBeAg negative).
Please read the hepatitis coordinators survey results (see the web address in
the box below), including descriptions of their experiences with failures of the
current system—failures that can be largely prevented by administering hepatitis
B vaccine to infants before they go home from the hospital.
Your support for providing a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine to infants while
still in the hospital will protect and save lives that are now being put at
risk.
Here's more information about why to give the birth dose
To read the results of IAC's survey of state health department hepatitis coordinators, visit: www.immunize.org/birthdose/survey.htm For more information about why all babies should receive the first dose of hepatitis B
vaccine in the hospital, go to the Birth Dose page of IAC's website at: www.immunize.org/birthdose
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| 10/7/02 • REPORT #45 |
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| Disclaimer: The Immunization Action Coalition (IAC) publishes
Unprotected People Reports for the purpose of making them available
for our readers' review. We have not verified the content of this
report. |
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ACIP Recommendations
Vaccine Information Statements 
